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Vegetarian eating: the types and the 5 nutrients to watch

From vegan to flexitarian, what each one eats, and how to cover iron, calcium, vitamin B12, omega-3 and protein without meat, from the Nutrition course.

Daro CastelloBy Daro CastelloOctober 29, 20262 min read
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"Las dietas vegetarianas adecuadamente planificadas son saludables, nutricionalmente adecuadas y proporcionan beneficios para la salud." Con esa frase arranca el tema en el cuadernillo de Nutrición. La clave está en planificadas: hay nutrientes que piden atención.

Los tipos

TipoQué come
Vegano o vegetariano estrictoSolo alimentos de origen vegetal. Nada animal: ni lácteos, ni huevo, ni miel
OvovegetarianoVegetales y huevos. Sin lácteos ni carnes
LactovegetarianoVegetales y lácteos
Lacto-ovo vegetarianoVegetales, huevos y lácteos
SemivegetarianoAdemás de huevo y lácteos, alguna carne, generalmente pescado, pero no carne roja
FlexitarianoBase vegetariana con carne en pocas cantidades y de vez en cuando

Dentro del veganismo hay formas más estrictas: el crudivorismo (vegetales crudos o cocidos a menos de 45 °C) y el frutarianismo (solo el fruto de las plantas).

Los 5 nutrientes a cuidar

Los grupos de la alimentación vegetariana

  1. Cereales, preferentemente integrales: arroz integral, avena, quinoa, trigo, centeno.
  2. Verduras y hortalizas variadas, con algo crudo todos los días.
  3. Frutas y frutos secos, incluyendo las ricas en vitamina C.
  4. Alimentos ricos en calcio en cada comida.
  5. Legumbres y sus alternativas: garbanzos, lentejas, porotos, soja, tofu.
  6. Otros esenciales: aceite de oliva y de lino, nueces y productos enriquecidos con B12.

"Properly planned vegetarian diets are healthy, nutritionally adequate and provide health benefits." That's how the topic opens in the Nutrition workbook. The key word is planned: some nutrients need attention.

The types

TypeWhat they eat
Vegan (strict vegetarian)Only plant foods. Nothing animal: no dairy, eggs or honey
Ovo-vegetarianPlants and eggs. No dairy or meat
Lacto-vegetarianPlants and dairy
Lacto-ovo vegetarianPlants, eggs and dairy
Semi-vegetarianBesides eggs and dairy, some meat, usually fish, but no red meat
FlexitarianA vegetarian base with small amounts of meat now and then

Within veganism there are stricter forms: raw veganism (plants raw or cooked below 45 °C) and fruitarianism (only the fruit of plants).

The 5 nutrients to watch

The vegetarian food groups

  1. Grains, preferably whole: brown rice, oats, quinoa, wheat, rye.
  2. Varied vegetables, with something raw every day.
  3. Fruit and nuts, including vitamin-C-rich fruit.
  4. Calcium-rich foods at every meal.
  5. Legumes and alternatives: chickpeas, lentils, beans, soy, tofu.
  6. Other essentials: olive and flaxseed oil, walnuts and B12-fortified products.
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